Französisch: billonEnglisch translation: mound 
KudoZ The KudoZ network provides a framework for translators ... More  |
|
| Glossareintrag (aus Frage unten abgeleitet) | | Französisch Begriff oder Satz: | billon | | Englisch Übersetzung: | mound | | Eingetragen von: | AJK1 |
| Optionen:
- Zu diesem Eintrag beitragen |
Übersetzungen Französisch > Englisch [PRO]
Social Sciences - Landwirtschaft | | Französisch Begriff oder Satz: billon | "Lorsque James Cook découvrit la Nouvelle-Calédonie entre 1770 et 1776, il s’étonna de rencontrer un peuple autochtone doté de techniques agraires élaborées, levant de grands billons d’ignames et maîtrisant les tarodières irriguées."
Not sure what 'billon' means in this sense. Does anybody know how yams are grown? |
| | | billon | Erklärung:
Here is one explanation I have found. I'll see if I can find anything else.
Billon n.m. Désigne spécifiquement le monticule de terre allongé dans lequel sont cultivées les ignames. Les billons des anciennes cultures d'ignames des Mélanésiens étaient particulièrement importants, hauts de plus de 1 mètre, larges de 3 m, ils s'étendaient sur plusieurs dizaines de mètres en plusieurs rangs et permettaient d'obtenir des ignames atteignant plus d'un mètre de longueur.
http://www.brousse-en-folie.com/broussefolie/dico/dic_b.php
HTH
Sheila
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 10 mins (2005-10-24 14:04:24 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
Here is it described as a mound. So maybe you could translate it as 'yam mound'? Or use the word 'billon' in italics and provide a footnote???
The ancestors of the Kanaks brought with them the staple crops of the islands. Over the centuries they reshaped the land, terracing the hillsides for taro planting and digging a web of canals and ditches for irrigation; ***terraces and mounds were also constructed for dryland yam cultivation***. These vast agricultural works, along with coral-rock forts on one of the outlying islands, suggest a high degree of political organization. But the chiefdoms were fragmented, and the estimated 60,000 islanders were speaking 37 different languages when the Europeans arrived.
Western contact was devastating. Cook's brief and amicable visit was followed in 1793 by that of the French explorer D'Entrecasteaux, who skirmished with the Kanaks and regarded them as thieves and cannibals. In the following century Australian loggers stripped Grande Terre and the Isle of Pines of their prized sandalwood, and "blackbirders" kidnapped Kanaks as plantation laborers. With them came diseases: smallpox, measles, leprosy, syphilis. By the time Napoleon III annexed New Caledonia in 1853, the indigenous population had begun to crash. At the nadir, in 1901, only 28,000 Kanaks remained. In the words of archeologist Christophe Sand: "To appreciate the extent of the demographic collapse is to revisit the autopsy of the destruction of a society.
http://www.earthisland.org/eijournal/new_articles.cfm?articl...
Since agriculture was the basis of Kanak society in New Caledonia, it is only natural that it is the most widely documented aspect of traditional resource use. Early travellers such as Garnier (1875) and Lemire (1884) were particularly impressed by the irrigated taro terraces. Lemire also noted the scarcity and hunger created by the problem of bridging the gap between harvests. Glaumont (1897) singled out the important features of yam mounds as structures to trap rainfall in the dry season while protecting against erosion and flooding in the wet season. He also described the extent and ingenuity of the systems of taro irrigation. Lambert (1900) devoted two chapters to agriculture, with much useful information in spite of his bias as a missionary trying to destroy the superstitions of the natives. Among other things, he noted the pleasure many villagers found in brushfires set while clearing gardens, a problem of poor resource management that continues today. Jeanneney’s (1891) advice on agriculture includes much useful information, but he does not indicate its origin, although some must certainly be traditional.
http://islands.unep.ch/dtradknc.htm
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 56 mins (2005-10-24 14:50:18 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
***The two principal crops in New Caledonia in pre-European times were yams and taro***, both the subject of intensive and highly specialized cultivation techniques (Barrau, 1956). ***Yams are a dry land crop with great cultural significance. They were grown in mounds specially prepared to provide ideal conditions for tuber development. On slopes, these mounds were crescent-shaped with the points down hill. Stone or clod retaining walls were often used to retain their form, and the channels near the points were generally lined with stones to prevent erosion. On valley bottoms and along streams, the mounds were circular or more often linear, 3-4 metres wide, more than 1 metre high, and sometimes extending for several hundred metres. Lands subject to heavy flooding were avoided. The channels dug out to make the mounds provided drainage and helped to protect against flood damage during the wet season. The slopes of the mounds were often planted with sugar cane and other crops to retain the soil; windbreaks and mulching were also used. The vines were trained up straight poles, which could be removed in the event of a cyclone, or up basket-like trellises (in the Loyalty Islands). Special techniques such as planting the yams over hollow cavities allowed the production of tubers up to 2 metres long***.
Taro requires saturated or continually humid conditions for growth, which with the seasonal and irregular rainfall patterns of New Caledonia makes irrigation essential. Legend records that the technique of irrigated taro cultivation was brought long ago by foreigners who made many mistakes at first, but the numerous traces of terraces still visible today all over the island show the extent to which the art was developed and perfected locally. Water was captured high up on permanent streams and conveyed through canals, often over several kilometres, to slopes where terraces could be constructed. Aqueducts were used to cross depressions, hollowed trees were used to bridge gullies, and special overflows protected against damage in heavy rains. Terraces generally 2 to 6 metres wide were carved out of slopes up to 80 percent, with an outer wall sometimes reinforced with stones or logs. Stone-lined spillways and sluice-gates directed the water from one terrace to another, and permitted precise control of water flow, but the systems required constant surveillance and maintenance. The hydraulic works were protected by a code of prohibitions and taboos, but earthworms were a significant cause of leaks. Plantings along the banks had both magical and practical significance in stabilization and erosion control. Some heads of valleys became great amphitheatres of taro terraces, and terraces were also developed along streams, and in low swampy areas where the taro was planted in raised beds. Similar types of irrigated taro cultivation occurred where conditions were appropriate throughout Melanesia and Polynesia, and are still practised in some parts of Vanuatu.
Both yams and taros are maintained as vegetatively reproduced clones. Many varieties were imported at different times, and others were probably generated spontaneously in gardens long left in fallow. The result was a large number of varieties adapted to different culture conditions and harvest times, which were grown in different gardens and even different parts of a terrace or mound. A small village could maintain 20 or more varieties of an important crop plant. There was an obvious awareness of the importance of these varieties, and new forms were sought out and tried. While various lists or descriptions of these varieties have been made, the precise conditions for which they were adapted have seldom been noted, nor has there been a comparable effort to preserve the varieties themselves, and with the decline in subsistence agriculture and the collapse of irrigated taro cultivation, a large part of this valuable genetic resource base has probably been lost.
http://islands.unep.ch/sieme1.htm |
| Ausgewählte Antwort von:
Sheila Hardie
Spanien
| Hinweis von Fragesteller an den AntwortendenWow, excellent research! Thanks for all your help.
4 KudoZ-Punkte wurden für diese Antwort vergeben |
|
6 Min. Antwortsicherheit:   Zustimmung (Netto): +2 |
| billon
Erklärung:
Here is one explanation I have found. I'll see if I can find anything else.
Billon n.m. Désigne spécifiquement le monticule de terre allongé dans lequel sont cultivées les ignames. Les billons des anciennes cultures d'ignames des Mélanésiens étaient particulièrement importants, hauts de plus de 1 mètre, larges de 3 m, ils s'étendaient sur plusieurs dizaines de mètres en plusieurs rangs et permettaient d'obtenir des ignames atteignant plus d'un mètre de longueur.
http://www.brousse-en-folie.com/broussefolie/dico/dic_b.php
HTH
Sheila
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 10 mins (2005-10-24 14:04:24 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
Here is it described as a mound. So maybe you could translate it as 'yam mound'? Or use the word 'billon' in italics and provide a footnote???
The ancestors of the Kanaks brought with them the staple crops of the islands. Over the centuries they reshaped the land, terracing the hillsides for taro planting and digging a web of canals and ditches for irrigation; ***terraces and mounds were also constructed for dryland yam cultivation***. These vast agricultural works, along with coral-rock forts on one of the outlying islands, suggest a high degree of political organization. But the chiefdoms were fragmented, and the estimated 60,000 islanders were speaking 37 different languages when the Europeans arrived.
Western contact was devastating. Cook's brief and amicable visit was followed in 1793 by that of the French explorer D'Entrecasteaux, who skirmished with the Kanaks and regarded them as thieves and cannibals. In the following century Australian loggers stripped Grande Terre and the Isle of Pines of their prized sandalwood, and "blackbirders" kidnapped Kanaks as plantation laborers. With them came diseases: smallpox, measles, leprosy, syphilis. By the time Napoleon III annexed New Caledonia in 1853, the indigenous population had begun to crash. At the nadir, in 1901, only 28,000 Kanaks remained. In the words of archeologist Christophe Sand: "To appreciate the extent of the demographic collapse is to revisit the autopsy of the destruction of a society.
http://www.earthisland.org/eijournal/new_articles.cfm?articl...
Since agriculture was the basis of Kanak society in New Caledonia, it is only natural that it is the most widely documented aspect of traditional resource use. Early travellers such as Garnier (1875) and Lemire (1884) were particularly impressed by the irrigated taro terraces. Lemire also noted the scarcity and hunger created by the problem of bridging the gap between harvests. Glaumont (1897) singled out the important features of yam mounds as structures to trap rainfall in the dry season while protecting against erosion and flooding in the wet season. He also described the extent and ingenuity of the systems of taro irrigation. Lambert (1900) devoted two chapters to agriculture, with much useful information in spite of his bias as a missionary trying to destroy the superstitions of the natives. Among other things, he noted the pleasure many villagers found in brushfires set while clearing gardens, a problem of poor resource management that continues today. Jeanneney’s (1891) advice on agriculture includes much useful information, but he does not indicate its origin, although some must certainly be traditional.
http://islands.unep.ch/dtradknc.htm
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 56 mins (2005-10-24 14:50:18 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
***The two principal crops in New Caledonia in pre-European times were yams and taro***, both the subject of intensive and highly specialized cultivation techniques (Barrau, 1956). ***Yams are a dry land crop with great cultural significance. They were grown in mounds specially prepared to provide ideal conditions for tuber development. On slopes, these mounds were crescent-shaped with the points down hill. Stone or clod retaining walls were often used to retain their form, and the channels near the points were generally lined with stones to prevent erosion. On valley bottoms and along streams, the mounds were circular or more often linear, 3-4 metres wide, more than 1 metre high, and sometimes extending for several hundred metres. Lands subject to heavy flooding were avoided. The channels dug out to make the mounds provided drainage and helped to protect against flood damage during the wet season. The slopes of the mounds were often planted with sugar cane and other crops to retain the soil; windbreaks and mulching were also used. The vines were trained up straight poles, which could be removed in the event of a cyclone, or up basket-like trellises (in the Loyalty Islands). Special techniques such as planting the yams over hollow cavities allowed the production of tubers up to 2 metres long***.
Taro requires saturated or continually humid conditions for growth, which with the seasonal and irregular rainfall patterns of New Caledonia makes irrigation essential. Legend records that the technique of irrigated taro cultivation was brought long ago by foreigners who made many mistakes at first, but the numerous traces of terraces still visible today all over the island show the extent to which the art was developed and perfected locally. Water was captured high up on permanent streams and conveyed through canals, often over several kilometres, to slopes where terraces could be constructed. Aqueducts were used to cross depressions, hollowed trees were used to bridge gullies, and special overflows protected against damage in heavy rains. Terraces generally 2 to 6 metres wide were carved out of slopes up to 80 percent, with an outer wall sometimes reinforced with stones or logs. Stone-lined spillways and sluice-gates directed the water from one terrace to another, and permitted precise control of water flow, but the systems required constant surveillance and maintenance. The hydraulic works were protected by a code of prohibitions and taboos, but earthworms were a significant cause of leaks. Plantings along the banks had both magical and practical significance in stabilization and erosion control. Some heads of valleys became great amphitheatres of taro terraces, and terraces were also developed along streams, and in low swampy areas where the taro was planted in raised beds. Similar types of irrigated taro cultivation occurred where conditions were appropriate throughout Melanesia and Polynesia, and are still practised in some parts of Vanuatu.
Both yams and taros are maintained as vegetatively reproduced clones. Many varieties were imported at different times, and others were probably generated spontaneously in gardens long left in fallow. The result was a large number of varieties adapted to different culture conditions and harvest times, which were grown in different gardens and even different parts of a terrace or mound. A small village could maintain 20 or more varieties of an important crop plant. There was an obvious awareness of the importance of these varieties, and new forms were sought out and tried. While various lists or descriptions of these varieties have been made, the precise conditions for which they were adapted have seldom been noted, nor has there been a comparable effort to preserve the varieties themselves, and with the decline in subsistence agriculture and the collapse of irrigated taro cultivation, a large part of this valuable genetic resource base has probably been lost.
http://islands.unep.ch/sieme1.htm
| Sheila Hardie
Spanien
Spezialgebiet
Muttersprache: Englisch
PRO-Punkte in Kategorie: 19
|
| Hinweis von Fragesteller an den Antwortenden| Wow, excellent research! Thanks for all your help. |
|
41 Min. Antwortsicherheit: Zustimmung (Netto): +1 |
| ridge
Erklärung:
I think this is ridge like the ridges that are formed around rows of potatoes - designed to keep the tubers away from the sunlight and allow the soil to warm faster.
Re: cultures sur billons
Message :
Une petite expérimentation que j'ai menée il y a une dizaine d'année avec un agriculteur.
Une machine à billonner simple que nous avons construite ave une machine à butée les pommes de terre nous a permis de mettre en place une trentaine d'ha de maïs en billon.
Notre hypothèse d'observation était la suivante : un billon propose des flancs plus importants par leur surface exposée au soleil, et nous voulions vérifier s'il y avait gain de température.
Résultat : il y a gain de température en journée celle ci mesurée au niveau de la graine, par contre il y a perte de température la nuit au niveau de la graine. Le bilan est donc mitigé et ne montre pas de différence majeure à l'arrivée sur le développement du maïs.
A noter quelques billons plus séchant que les semis en pleine terre.
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 1 hr 30 mins (2005-10-24 15:23:46 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
I think on further researching yam growing that it should be 'Yam mounds' as suggested by Sheila- billon should not be mentioned in the translated text as the commonly used form is 'yam mound'
However in other contexts billon can be translated as 'ridge'
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 1 hr 38 mins (2005-10-24 15:32:21 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
In Tonga the multispecies agroforestry system is a very complex mixture of trees, shrubs, and short-term ground crops. It is usually practiced as a short-term shifting agriculture system on pieces of land averaging eight acres or less in size. When the land is prepared for a new garden, some of the fast-growing pioneer tree species, most shrubs, and grasses are cut and allowed to dry. The dried material is then placed in piles for burning. Other valuable trees that are present in the fallow, such as breadfruit, mangoes, avocado, citrus trees, Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense), Polynesian plum (Spondias dulcis), perfume tree or ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata), and, of course, coconut palms, are protected or, in some cases, slightly pruned to allow the sunlight to enter the garden area. Other culturally important trees, like koka (Bischofia javanica), Pacific litchi (Pometia pinnata), maululu (Glochidion ramiflorum) and toi (Alphitonia zizyphoides) are then pruned, often by cutting almost all of the branches off. This practice does not kill the tree, and accomplishes a number of objectives. It allows the entry of sunlight needed by the first crop to be planted, which is usually yams (Dioscorea alata). It also allows the leaves to fall providing organic material to the soil, and allows for fresh new branches to grow as the garden matures. The larger branches that have been cut from the trees are used as trellises over each yam mound. Yams climbing off the hot volcanic soils on these trellises have higher yields, are more disease free, and are more easily weeded. Because Tonga has frequent serious tropical cyclones (known elsewhere in the Pacific as hurricanes or typhoons), the lower trellises are much more appropriate that the higher trellis on poles used in other countries. Finally, when the yams are harvested, after 7 to 9 months, the branches make perfect firewood for the underground oven.
In the garden, the yams are usually intercropped with rows of giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhiza), plantains (Musa cultivars), and taro (Colocasia esculenta). Along the borders, sweet yams (Dioscorea esculenta) are often planted next to the fenceposts, and pandanus for weaving, sugarcane or bush hibiscus spinach (Abelmoschus manihot), a very important leafy green vegetable, are often planted along the borders or fencelines of the garden. The living fencing will often be candelnut tree (Aleurites moluccana), beach hibiscus or fau (Hibiscus tiliaceus) or dadap or ngatae (Erythrina variegata). In some cases, timber trees, such as casaurina (Casuarina equisetifolia) or introduced species, such as Australian kauri (Agathis robusta) or West Indian mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), are planted in a few rows along the perimeter or along the roadside border of the allotment, or sometimes as a small woodlot on part of the allotment. Other short-term crops such as green onions (Allium fistulosum and A. ascalonicum), Chinese cabbage or paak tsoi (Brassica chinensis), and corn (Zea mays) are often planted systematically, or bird-sown chili peppers (Capsicum frutescens) are protected in the garden.
After the yams are harvested, taro or tannia (Xanthosoma taro) is planted as the next crop in the soft soil left over after the yam harvest. The giant taro and taro that were planted with the yams are then harvested. The second crop of taro or tannia and the bananas remain. When this crop is harvested, sweet potatoes or cassava are then planted, and if sweet potatoes are planted, another crop, usually cassava is planted which completes the three to four-year shifting agricultural cycle. Sometimes, the cycle is extended for a further three to five years by planting kava (Piper methysticum), the important social beverage plant, or paper mulberry (Brousonnetia papyrifera), so important for the making of tapa cloth used in Tongan ceremonies and to sell to tourists and for export. As the garden is allowed to slowly return to fallow for four to up to ten years, the plantains continue to bear fruit, the fruit trees and other multipurpose trees continue to provide food, medicines, and other products.
http://www.agroforestry.net/overstory/overstory49.html
Quelle: http://www.agrionline.com/index.php?menu=forums&actionId=5&m...
| Kate Hudson
Niederlande
Muttersprache: Englisch
PRO-Punkte in Kategorie: 16
|
|
| | Login to enter a peer comment (or grade) |
1 Stunde Antwortsicherheit: Zustimmung (Netto): +1 |
| large protective banks of
Erklärung:
Grand Robert for billon = Ados formé dans un terrain avec la charrue (entre deux sillons). Robert&Collins for ados = "bank (to protect plants)"
| |
| | Login to enter a peer comment (or grade) |
4 Stunden Antwortsicherheit: |
| raised bed
Erklärung:
Possibly more hits for "raised beds" in connection with taro, but someone here points out that taro and yams are often grown together ...
In Africa almost all yams are planted on MOUNDS, RIDGES, or RAISED BEDS (Coursey 1967). Probably the most complete description of the use of mounds and ... Incorporation of organic material into mounds and raised beds in Africa by traditional farmers is common (Miracle 1967). Fresco (1986) and Miracle (1967) mentioned burning organic matter, that had been incorporated into mounds. When cow dung was added to yam MOUNDS before planting in Ghana, yields were increased and nematode numbers (Scutellonema bradys) were significantly reduced
http://www.tropag-fieldtrip.cornell.edu/Thurston_TA/Chapter1...
Yams are usually grown on trellises in RAISED BEDS - meaning higher labor and materials costs," Vazquez says. "But our field experiments show that we can ...
www.findarticles.com/p/articles/ mi_m3741/is_n1_v43/ai_16489469
"Mound" might be thought to designate a round mound rather than a linear one.
| Bourth
Frankreich
Muttersprache: Englisch
PRO-Punkte in Kategorie: 96
|
| | Login to enter a peer comment (or grade) |
Zur KudoZ-Liste zurückkehren
|
| |
The translation workplace 
