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Chinese to English: IFU excerpt General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical: Instruments
Source text - Chinese 光标指向“系统设置”时，按下OK键进入系统设置界面。在该界面下可设置系统的日期和时间，背光亮度以及恢复出厂默认值。其中，“背光亮度”，可调节液晶的亮度，亮度由暗变亮分为1-10个等级。在不接交流电的状态下，在设置或暂停状态下，若无操作，则5分钟后背光自动变暗。在设置状态下无操作，则20分钟后自动关机。选择“恢复出厂默认值” 可以恢复出厂默认的设置值。
Translation - English Place the cursor over “System settings” and press the OK key to enter the system settings interface. This interface is used to set system date and time, set background brightness, and restore factory default settings. “Background brightness” allows adjustment of LCD brightness on a scale of 1 to 10 from darkest to brightest. When not connected to alternating current, or in the setup or standby mode, the background screen goes dark after 5 minutes of inactivity. In setup mode, the device automatically turns off after 20 minutes of inactivity. Select “Restore factory default settings” to restore the default settings that were shipped with the product.
Chinese to English: Canine Susceptibility to H3N8-Subtype Equine Influenza Virus General field: Science Detailed field: Livestock / Animal Husbandry
Source text - Chinese 摘要
为确定犬是否对H3N8亚型马流感病毒易感及其感染的生理学基础，我们用分离的A/Equine/Huabei/1/07(H3N8)毒株，经滴鼻和静脉感染途径分别以106.7EID50/条或2×106.7EID50/条)的接种剂量人工感染 灵缇犬、 比格犬和 宠物犬，并且检测了犬呼吸道上皮细胞表面流感病毒的受体类型唾液酸半乳糖a-2,3连接键型（SAa2,3Gal）或a-2,6连接键型（SAa2,6Gal）。结果表明在试验观察期感染的7条灵缇犬、12条比格犬和 伴侣犬 均未表现异常临床症状。比格犬的气管局部假复层上皮纤毛脱落，IHC可以检测到流感病毒M蛋白。多数感染犬排毒且血清抗体阳转。犬喉头、气管、支气管和肺泡上皮细胞表面含有大量的SAa2,3Gal，而SAa2,6Gal很少或者没有。目前我国分离的马源H3N8亚型流感病毒能够感染犬，但可能暂时不会对犬类的健康构成威胁。证实犬呼吸道上皮细胞表面具有能够结合H3N8亚型马流感病毒的受体，我国分离的马源H3N8亚型流感病毒能直接感染犬，但对犬类的健康构成了潜在威胁。
关键词： H3N8；马流感病毒；犬；易感性
H3N8亚型马流感病毒是引起马流行性感冒（Equine influenza，简称马流感）的病原之一，该病毒于1963年在美国迈阿密马群中首次分离到（Waddel et al., 1963），此后在多个国家暴发和流行。马属动物感染后表现为发烧、咳嗽、流鼻汁和母畜流产等临床症状。自然条件下，马流感病毒只引起马属动物发生流行性感冒，没有年龄、性别和品种的差别（殷震等，1997）。但在2004年，美国从暴发严重呼吸系统疾病的比赛用灵缇犬体内分离到了H3N8亚型流感病毒（Crawford et al., 2005; Yoon et al., 2005），经基因序列和抗原性分析证实分离到的H3N8亚型流感病毒与同期发生的马流感病毒密切相关，犬源病毒与马源病毒之间的核苷酸同源性大于96.00%，表明病毒没有与其它毒株发生重组而从马直接传播给了犬（Crawford et al., 2005）。回顾性研究证实2002年英国一群猎狐犬所暴发的严重呼吸系统疾病是由H3N8亚型马流感病毒所引起，猎狐犬可能是因为圈养在患病马的附近而被感染马流感病毒的（Daly et al., 2008）。 Payungporn S等对2004年～2005年从灵缇犬和宠物犬中分离到的6株H3N8亚型流感病毒与马流感病毒的HA基因及其推导的氨基酸序列进行比对，发现与马流感病毒比较，所有犬源病毒有5个保守性氨基酸发生改变（Payungporn et al., 2008），这些氨基酸的变化提示H3N8亚型流感病毒已在犬体内逐步演化成为一个单独的分支，能在犬体内有效增殖，可导致犬之间的水平传播。因此从犬体内分离到的H3N8亚型流感病毒即可称为犬流感病毒（Canine influenza virus, 简称CIV）（Dubovi et al., 2008）。虽然所有的流感病毒识别末端含有唾液酸的受体，但是不同流感病毒血凝素的受体特异性是不同的。唾液酸-半乳糖连接键型的不同成为了流感病毒在不同宿主间传播的屏障。不同动物组织中唾液酸-半乳糖连接键型不同。禽流感病毒和马流感病毒主要识别和结合SAα2,3Gal连接键，而人流感病毒主要识别和结合SAα2,6Gal的连接键[4,5,6]。（Connor.RJ., et al.,1994; Rogers G N et al., 1983; Rogers G N et al., 1989）
2007年10月，我们从华北某地区暴发了马流感的患病马中分离到了一株H3N8亚型马流感病毒（A/Equine/Huabei/1/07(H3N8)，为了解不同品种的犬是否对分离毒株易感，我们用该分离毒株经不同的感染途径对灵缇犬、比格犬和宠物犬进行了实验性感染研究。
Translation - English Abstract
This investigation assessed canine susceptibility to H3N8－subtype equine influenza virus and the biological basis of its infectivity. Greyhounds, beagles, and companion dogs were inoculated intranasally or intravenously with either 1 X 106.7 EID50 or 2 X 106.7 EID50 of A/EquineHuabei/1/07 (H3N8) virus. Influenza receptors on the respiratory epithelia of dog larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs were classified as sialic acid with α-2,3 linkage to galactose (SAα2,3Gal) or sialic acid with α-2,6 linkage to galactose (SAα2,6Gal). The seven greyhounds and twelve beagles/companion dogs that were infected showed no clinical illness. The M protein of the influenza virus was detected on cilia shed from the beagles’ pseudostratified tracheal epithelium. The majority of infected dogs shed virus and seroconverted. Epithelial cells from dog larynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli contained abundant SAα2,3Gal receptors, while SAα2,6Gal receptors were scant or absent. While the current strain of H3N8 equine influenza in China is infectious to dogs, it does not pose an immediate threat to canine health. We demonstrate that canine respiratory epithelial cells contain a sufficient quantity of receptors susceptible to H3N8 equine influenza to permit direct infection, but it poses only a theoretical threat to canine health.
H3N8-subtype equine influenza virus (EIV) is one of the viruses that cause equine influenza. This virus was first isolated from a herd of horses in Miami, USA (Waddel et al., 1963), and subsequently caused outbreaks and epidemics in many countries. Upon infection, horses can develop fever, cough, nasal discharge, and spontaneous abortion. Equine influenza virus typically causes contagious influenza only in horses, with no age, gender or breed predisposition (Duan Zhen et al, 1997). However, H3N8-subtype EIV was isolated from racing greyhounds with serious respiratory illness in the US in 1994 (Crawford et al, 2005; Yoon et al, 2005). Gene sequencing and antigenicity analysis revealed that the H3N8 influenza virus isolate was closely related to contemporary equine influenza viruses. The canine-origin and equine-origin viruses shared a nucleic acid sequence identity surpassing 96.00%. This shows that the virus strain had not undergone recombination with other strains; instead, it had been transmitted directly from horses to dogs (Crawford et al, 2005). A retrospective study showed that a 2002 outbreak of severe respiratory disease in a pack of hunting dogs in England had been caused by H3N8-subtype EIV; the hunting dogs may have contracted it from infected horses housed nearby (Daly et al, 2008). S. Payungporn et al. compared hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences of six H3N8 influenza virus isolates from greyhounds and companion dogs from 2004 to 2005. They found that all of the canine isolates shared five conserved amino acids that differed from the equine strain (Payungpom et al, 2008). These amino acid differences demonstrate that H3N8 influenza virus was gradually evolving within dogs into a divergent strain capable of replication in and transmission between dogs. Therefore, the H3N8-subtype influenza virus isolated from dogs became known as canine influenza virus (CIV) (Dubovi et al, 2008). Although all influenza viruses recognize receptors with terminal sialic acid residues, influenza viruses differ in their hemagglutinin receptor specificity. Differences in sialic acid-galactose linkage types present barriers to influenza virus replication in different hosts. Sialic acid-galactose linkage types vary between species. Avian and equine influenza viruses principally recognize and bind to SAα2,3Gal-type receptor linkages, while human influenza virus principally recognizes and binds to SAα2,6Gal-type linkages[4,5,6].ˇ(_Connor.RJ., et al.,1994; Rogers G N et al., 1983; Rogers G N et al., 1989).
In October 2007, we isolated a strain of H3N8 subtype EIV (A/Equine/Huabei/1/07 (H3N8)) from infected horses during an outbreak in Huabei. In order to determine the susceptibility of various canine breeds to this strain, we experimentally infected greyhounds, beagles, and companion dogs via different routes of administration.
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Master's degree - UCSD
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Years of experience: 15. Registered at ProZ.com: Mar 2013.
I am a veterinary doctor and Chinese, French, Spanish > English medical translator. With experience in the clinic that I parlay into my translation work, I am well-equipped to handle both veterinary and human medical documents. I specialize in Chinese>English translation quality control and linguistic proofing. For more information on who I am and what I do, as well as details on my presentation at ATA 2015, visit Newman Translations. I look forward to collaborating with you!
