Over the course of many years, without making any great fuss about it, the authorities in New York disabled most of the control buttons that once operated pedestrian-crossing lights in the city. Computerised timers, they had decided, almost always worked better. By 2004, fewer than 750 of 3,250 such buttons remained functional. The city government did not, however, take the disabled buttons away—beckoning countless fingers to futile pressing.
Initially, the buttons survived because of the cost of removing them. But it turned out that even inoperative buttons serve a purpose. Pedestrians who press a button are less likely to cross before the green man appears, says Tal Oron-Gilad of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, in Israel. Having studied behaviour at crossings, she notes that people more readily obey a system which purports to heed their input.
Inoperative buttons produce placebo effects of this sort because people like an impression of control over systems they are using, says Eytan Adar, an expert on human-computer interaction at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dr Adar notes that his students commonly design software with a clickable “save” button that has no role other than to reassure those users who are unaware that their keystrokes are saved automatically anyway. Think of it, he says, as a touch of benevolent deception to counter the inherent coldness of the machine world.
That is one view. But, at road crossings at least, placebo buttons may also have a darker side. Ralf Risser, head of FACTUM, a Viennese institute that studies psychological factors in traffic systems, reckons that pedestrians’ awareness of their existence, and consequent resentment at the deception, now outweighs the benefits. | Igennem mange år har myndighederne i New York, uden at gøre det store ud af det, deaktiveret de fleste af de kontrolknapper, som førhen regulerede trafiklysene i byens fodgængerovergange. De besluttede, at computerstyrede timere næsten altid fungerede bedre. I 2004 var færre end 750 af de i alt 3250 kontrolknapper stadig i funktion. Bystyret fjernede dog ikke de deaktiverede knapper, og lokkede dermed utallige fingre til at trykke forgæves. I begyndelsen overlevede knapperne på grund af omkostningerne ved at fjerne dem. Men det viser sig, at selv de ikke-funktionelle knapper tjener et formål. Tal Oron-Gilad, fra Ben-Gurion Universitetet i Negev, Israel, forklarer, at fodgængere, der trykker på en knap, er mindre tilbøjelige til at krydse vejen, før den grønne mand vises. Efter at have forsket i adfærd ved vejkryds har hun bemærket, at folk har nemmere ved at adlyde et system, som foregiver at respondere på deres input. På denne måde kan ikke-funktionelle knapper give en placeboeffekt, fordi folk får indtryk af, at de har kontrol over de systemer, de anvender, forklarer Eytan Adar, som er ekspert i interaktioner mellem menneske og computer ved University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dr. Adar har lagt mærke til, at hans studerende oftest designer software med en klikbar ”gem”-knap, som ikke har anden funktion end at berolige de brugere, som ikke er klar over, at deres indtastninger alligevel gemmes automatisk. Han beder os tænke på det, som en slags godgørende bedrag, som modtræk den kulde, der naturligt hersker i maskinernes verden. Det er ét synspunkt, men placeboknapper kan også have en skyggeside, i hvert fald når det handler om vejkryds. Ralf Risser, leder af FACTUM, et institut i Wien, hvor man undersøger de psykologiske faktorer i trafiksystemer, anslår, at fodgængernes viden om knappernes eksistens, og deraf følgende vrede over bedraget, nu opvejer fordelene. |